Airport Bookstores Have a Read and Return Program Critical Linking, July 22, 2019

Airport Bookstores Have a Read and Return Program Critical Linking, July 22, 2019 Critical Linking, a daily roundup of the most interesting bookish links from around the web is sponsored by Fox Chapel Publishing. The reason so many of those airport stores look the same is because they areâ€"Paradies Lagardère operates 850 stores and 170 restaurants and bars in more than 100 airports. And they’ve got a little-known program that air travelers should be taking advantage of: the Read and Return program. How it works You buy a book at the airport. You read it on the plane or in the days/weeks/months after your travel. You return it within 6 months of purchase, and you get a 50 percent refund. Putting aside that my first thought was this is how you spread the flu faster, this is definitely why the campaign the more you know was started. It’s not every day that you come across an extraordinary unknown work by one of the nation’s greatest writers. But buried in an unrelated archive I recently discovered a searing essay condemning racism in America by Langston Hughesâ€"the moving account, published in its original form here for the first time, of an escaped prisoner he met while traveling with Zora Neale Hurston. Stop everything to read a previously unpublished Langston Hughes essay. Once inside, you will be transported back in time to the streets of 1984 New York City, where you will no doubt run into spooks and spirits of all shapes and sizes, many of whom you may recognize if you watched the films, like Slimer and the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man. Some of the famous scenes you will also get to experience include the New York Public Library and the Temple of Gozer. Ghostbusters  will have a haunted house at this years Universal Orlando Horror Nights and NYPL scenes will be included, so unite all the book and ghost loving nerds for a road trip! Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

The Universe Essays - 2518 Words

The Universe Luminosity is the amount of light that is radiated from a star. White light is the composition of all colors. In elements, the energy discharge can be displayed as light. Just by looking at the colors that are discharged, one may precisely identify the element. In understanding the universe, the Doppler effect is one of the most important tools. The Doppler effect is a shift in frequency due to a moving source. Skipping a rock on water would be an example of this effect. The circles would be off center because the rock is a moving source. The wavelength is shorter when the rock is coming toward an individual. Also, the frequency will increase and the wave crests will shorten. When the source is moving away from†¦show more content†¦The neighboring raisins, closest perhaps to the one in the center, would not move as fast as ones farther away because there is more cake between it and the center raisin to expand. Therefore, all galaxies move away from each other beca use one is increasing. Fritz Zwicky mapped the sky and discovered galaxies are formed in clusters. Members of a cluster move under the influence of their own gravitational pull together. The Local Group cluster consists of thirty galaxies and it is the most prominent galaxy. Containing the Milky Way and Andromeda, this is our own cluster, which is 8.5 million light years long, holds thousands of galaxies and is very dense. They all move togethr with their mutual gravities. The Virgo cluster is 52 million light years away from the Local Group. The Local Super cluster contains 100 member cluster, including the Local Group and the Virgo cluster. It is 100 million light years across and 10 million light years thick. There are three types of evolutions of galaxies, which are spiral, irregular, and elliptical. Spiral galaxies are categorized depending on how tightly bound the arms are. Irregular shaped galaxies are thought to have occurred from galactic collision. Elliptical galaxies are circular in shape to very elongated. Nebula are composed of various kinds of gas and dust, and we can tell what they are composed of by their color. A Supernova, which is an explosion of stars, leaves Nebula. Our complex moleculesShow MoreRelatedThe And Of The Universe1782 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"In the beginning the universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.†   Ã‚  Ã‚   -Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe(1980)   Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a statement I agree with as many, many questions have arisen than cannot be answered with todays current understanding of the universe. Some of these questions include morality, the purpose of life, what is free will, what is reality, and so on. These questions have been difficult to answer withRead MoreThe Theory Of The Universe1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe universe is all the existing matter, space, and energy as a whole. Scientists believe that the universe is now around 10 billion light years in diameter. However, scientists are now arguing over how the universe began, and how the universe will end. One of the most popular, and most reasonable, theory is the Big Bang. This theory posits that the universe was in a bubble a thousand times smaller than a pinhead. Then, out of nowhere, it expanded. The Big Bang wasn’t an explosion; it was the universeRead MoreThe Origin Of The Universe1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Origin the Universe was explained over centuries by different people and in different parts of the world. The African myths of Bumba, Bishop Usher (Book of Genesis), Greek philosopher Aristotle’s explanation of eternal universe, German philosopher Immanuel Kant thesis and anti-thesis about the beginning or eternal universe all tried to explain the origins or eternal existence of Universe. Later part of 20th century many scientific theories were more convincing explanations for of the origin ofRead MoreThe Creation Of The Universe1815 Words   |  8 Pagesorder to explain the existence and mysteries of the universe and the human beings. And big history is al so an origin story, attempting to examine the history of the Universe from the Big Bang, explain the present and predict the future of the universe as well as the human beings. One of the most important theme found in the Big history is the idea of increasing complexity and the term of â€Å"Goldilocks conditions†, Christian suggests that the universe creates complexity when these conditions require aRead MoreThe Structure Of The Universe Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pages 13. Instead of ‘What’ Martinus Insisted on Question WHO IS THE UNIVERSE? †¢ The Universe is ETERNAL All ENCOMPOSING LIVING BEING – A SUM OF ALL THAT EXISTS. The Structure of The Universe is based on two main Principles: ‘TRIUNE Principle of Living Being’ ‘Life within Life’ Principle †¢ ‘LIFE WITHIN LIFE’ PRINCIPLE: A life unit is dependable on and, at the same time, indispensable for its ‘master being’ ‘the master being’ granting a living space for a myriad of dependable, but necessary life unitsRead MoreThe Studies of the Universe982 Words   |  4 PagesConsider the universe. It is never boundless, never-ending and contains everything that has ever been or ever will be. Mankind has always been interested in what lies beyond the world that we know and finding what else is out there. The universe includes everything from the largest stars to the smallest particles. Exploring the universe is more than just space travel it includes exploring the world and all it contains. It can lead to cures for new diseases, the discovery of new elements, findingRead MoreThe Myth Of The Universe1565 Words   |  7 Pagesworld began, these stories are known as creation stories or creation myths. Creation myths can give those reading them a better understanding of the values within the culture that they were created. The myth of creation explains the origin of the universe, describing how the world and its animate and inanimate entities were created (El-Asward, Garry, El-Shamy, 2005, p.24-31). A major similarity in each of the different creation stories is the idea of water as the elemental source of life. For exampleRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Universe1770 Words   |  8 PagesFor thousands and thousands of years scientists have been searching for evidence on how the universe actually began. Scientists have found that the universe is constantly expanding. However, that would mean that the universe had to begin from one distinct point, and continued expanding outwards from there. For the most part, many believed the universe began with an enormous explosion. Scientists now call it the Big Bang. Approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the Primordial Era began and it consistedRead MoreThe Universe : The Biggest And Smallest934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In the known universe, size matters† (Known Universe: The Biggest and Smallest). The National Geographic documentary Known Universe: The Biggest and Smallest explores how size shapes our universe from the largest stars to the miniscule atom. Through discussing topics such as the reclassification of Pluto, Kepler space mission, and particle colliders, the documentary helped inform and motivate me to search for up-to-date information on these topics. Alternatively, the documentary does well to visualizeRead MoreCosmology : The Origin Of The Universe900 Words   |  4 PagesCosmology is the study of the origin of the universe in the sense of how it comes into being. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth that explains how Earth in its entity came to be. These myths have an immense influence on peo ple’s framework of reference. They all come from one early source and are different only because time and local cultural circumstances have embellished or altered them. Despite being separated by numerous geographical barriers; many cultures before and

Global Overpopulation And Its Effects On The Population

Global Overpopulation Controllable Or Inevitable Global overpopulation is an extremely broad topic that represents exactly what one would think, the overpopulation of the entire globe. Though global overpopulation is broad topic, there are many key factors that aid in the increasing total population. Some factors are more effective than others, but the most altering factor is the percentage of fertility. The direct connection between reducing the population is through pregnancy rates. There are multiple ways that a women’s pregnancy rate could be significantly reduced, by the use of birth control. In the articles, â€Å"Global Overpopulaton† by Hobart Rowen and â€Å"When Birth Control Isn t for Birth Control by Karen Klein and How to Make Birth Control More Effective. by Danielle Braff, these are great examples of how utilizing birth control will aid in the control of maintaining and reducing the growing population rates. Including the possible results, if a solution is not discovered and the population numbers continue to grow. â€Å"Human nature being what it is, most people tend to focus mainly on short-term goals of enriching themselves and experiencing pleasure rather than safeguarding the environment over the long term† (Kuo). This is a very enlightening quote, it states what many believe, but not willing to speak out and support. In the article, â€Å"Global Overpopulation† includes numerous examples of rhetoric; the first rhetorical element presented is ethos, which is theShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthreats to global health in today’s world but the one that seems to be the greatest threat to the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many govern ment officials have dismissed overpopulation and call itRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population. The limited natural resources have increased challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. The current worlds population is approximately six billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. It is estimated that they will be about eight billion people byRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesconsiderably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first century the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearable. In contrast, others believe rapid growing population can cause disaster; this conceptRead MoreEssay on The Problems of Over Population885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problems of Over Population There are several problems that affect the world today: war, crime, pollution, and several others. Overpopulation is a serious dilemma that is growing every year, every minute, and every second. It is the root of most, if not all, of the world’s problems1. It is the greatest global crisis facing humanity in the twenty-first century. Overpopulation is the major global problem because of several reasons. Most of the problems we have today, such as ocean depletionRead MoreEffects of Over Population Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesof the effects of over population. Over population not only affects nature and the planet but the human way of life. Imagine a world where the water is polluted, the soil produces no crop and the air is so toxic that we can’t breathe; this is where the world is heading. Due to the fast growth of people, humanity itself faces great danger. There are solutions to over population such as Family planning and sexual education. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, â€Å"Today’s global human populationRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do not suffer consequences that current generations have place uponRead MoreContent Analysis Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagessections include world population, economy, disaster costs, global health, climate change and global warming, environmental issues, water crises, education and employment, migration, science and technology, and outlook. Each section builds from the previous section . The sections part priority into messages of the magnitude, importance and direction of natural disasters, global warming, overpopulation, and industrialization. Recurrent words are population and over population, economy, natural disasterRead MoreThe Issue of Over Population in the Earth Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesOverpopulation is a hot topic that is becoming a well-known problem that our world faces. At times you can see how our planet may not be big enough for all of us. Family vacations seem less fun due to too long lines. Traffic can seem like it’s at a stand-still in the cities and all the while we think that there are so many other problems to focus our attention on. It would be easy to focus on global warming, or we could admit to ourselves that if the world did not have so many people pollution would

Different Types of Groups Free Essays

The concept of the social group is people coming together and having a sense of identity because of a common space, action, or any other things that can bind together people. There is several identified social groups: primary groups, secondary groups, collective groups, in-groups, and out-groups. The primary group is one that shares close and lifelong personal relationships, wherein each member shares personal space and lives and has close relations and interactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Types of Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Family and close friends are examples of primary groups, as their members are binded by strong personal ties. A sports group or an academic group that is strongly linked emotionally and physically can also be considered as a primary group. The primary groups shapes and influences a person’s identity. The secondary group relationship is characterized by being formal and temporary, instead of being closely personal and lifelong. Performance of functions is what links together people in the secondary group, and the relationship is more fleeting and less personal. An example would be a temporary co-worker in the office, who one is constantly in contact with, but has no strong personal ties. A collective group on the other hand is one that is bonded together by a common goal or an interest that links its members. The collective group does similar things and its members have similar interests. For instance, a church group or an environmental group is an example of a collective group. The in-group is the group where the individual feels that he/she belongs in; it is where one has loyalty to or respect to. Members of the in-group shares a similar identity, like families or people of a certain ethnicity or race. Conversely, the out-group is the social group that a person is not inclined to relate, even disdains or is opposed to such group. For instance, a conservative man despising people from other races – the out-group. The different types of groups refer to the personal circles that an individual belongs to. These are product of his/her social environment and socialization, which then directs and determines membership to a certain group. How to cite Different Types of Groups, Papers

The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests

Abstract Clearcutting controversies have dominated forest management since 1960s and 1970s, when popular legislations were made paving way to new environmental movement. Traditionally this approach has been applied to regenerate new tree species and for commercial timber production.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the changing social values placed on forest and increased public awareness calls for rethinking of forestry management. Clearcutting has its effects on recreation and as a result has generated equal criticism from conservationists. This paper looks at existing literature on this issue and through comparative analysis it generates a discussion that helps to look at some of the implications to management. It culminates with a conclusion that selective application of clearcutting can be benef icial to recreation although management need to strike a balance between its goals and protecting the dominant species in an ecosystem. Introduction Background information Clearcutting has been used as a method of forest management by foresters for a number of reasons. First, it is a faster and affordable method in forest management. It is also approved because unlike selective cutting, it does not leave traces of poor quality trees behind. Third, it is very good for certain species of trees that regenerates well when exposed to the full moonlight as opposed to when subjected to shade. However one reason that has made it so popular is its application to increase the supply of timber for commercial purposes. Clearcutting is the process of timber harvesting and regenerating that involves cutting of all the trees in a site and then regenerating new ones that are of the same age (Gorte 99). In spite of its various advantages in forestry management, this method has received a lot of crit icism from the public since 1960s. Some of the issues that critics to this method have cited include its adverse effects like soil erosion, destroying the landscape, biodiversity loss and many others. Those in the forest management have nonetheless argued that clear cutting is a good silvicultural management method for some kind of species that cannot withstand shade. Generally, its use has reduced significantly where even some states have banned it use in private and state forest, but it is still being practiced at certain levels in national forests.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To Americans, national forest provides the best opportunity to interact with nature. Some of the things they do on these forests are to hike, camp, picnic, fish, and hunt. They can enjoy wildlife in its most serene environment and visit historical places. This paper is going to look at the impacts of clear cutting on recreation in national forest. Literature Review Increased public awareness From 1960s, policies that affect management of national forest have led to increased information about planning and management of forest to the public as well as their participation in the process (Sedjo, 34). This increased public involvement in the decision making of forest management institution has led to increased scrutiny of some of the institution plans. For instance, in Sierra Nevada, the public criticized plans to increase timber production in the national forest. The reason for this criticism was that there was a conflict in two goals that needed to be realized. These are raising the production level of timbers and wilderness preservation thus increasing opportunities for recreation (Ruth, 145). Professional in forestry management are of a different opinion. To them public criticism is based on scanty knowledge on clear-cutting effects on the environment. So when pe ople view a forest that has undergone a clear-cut they think of the incompatibility of recreation and timber management. Use of clear-cutting as a tool for vegetation management should therefore not be mistaken with general clearance of land with the intention of forest conversion to other forms of land-use like commercial purposes (SAF, 2). The perception by the public that clear-cutting affects the wildlife species is misplaced. The practice removes forest canopy allowing sunlight to penetrate to the floor of the forest and as a result make it possible for grass, shrubs and forbs to thrive. In turn, these are very important to some foraging species like deer and consequently clearcutting improves their habitat. In addition, some species of trees which cannot stand shade also thrive under these conditions (Clemson University 1). Negative Effects of Some Forest Practices The magnitude at which Biodiversity is affected by timber harvesting depends on the intensity, scale, and harvest ing method in use and also on the way each species of plant and animals reacts to this harvesting. In most cases the effect is in the form of forest age, structure and composition of species.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some practices put some species at risk while other species thrives under them (Aber et al 6). Structurally clearcutting produces even aged tree regeneration. It also results in large areas of the forest being left open. Clearcuts expose the soil to erosion and landslides that in turns destroy streams. It is also responsible for the rise in temperatures of those streams that were once under the canopy of old growth trees. This leads to death of fish thriving in such habitat. This in economic terms leads to loss of revenue that comes in form of recreation. Income that results from fishing and hunting for instance is lost. Large-scale clearcutting results in fragmentation of forested ecosystems into smaller pieces that expose forest edge to open cutover habitats. This may lead to changes in the species composition, microclimate, and in behavior of species (Aber et al. 7). Procedure and Methods Data for this research was gathered from various research papers on national forest management. In addition, forest management professionals and organization journals formed a great source of data for this research. Some internet sites also offered some insights into the topic and gave a general public understanding and involvement. Eventually, qualitative data analysis technique through comparative studies was used to make inferences from the data. Findings Public rating of forest acceptability for scenic and recreational purposes Visitors to forests for scenic, camping, or hiking purposes consider forests that have old growth stands as most acceptable (Brunson, 170). This is indicated in table (a) below, the positive rating indicates the high acceptability of a site due to management practice employed. Also, note that people prefer new methods of forest management to traditional ones like clear-cut. Table a. represents average rating for different stands qualityAdvertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scenic quality mean Hiking quality mean Camping quality mean Old growth 3.1 Old growth 3.4 Old growth 0.4 Patch cut 1.4 Patch cut 1.8 Patch cut -0.0 Two-story 0.6 Two-story 0.5 Two-story -0.7 Snag retention 0.4 Snag retention 0.1 Snag retention 1.4 Thinned -0.4 Thinned -0.1 Thinned -1.5 Clearcut -1.2 Clearcut -1.1 Clearcut -2.7 Source: Brunson, Mark Bo, Shelby. Effects of Alternative Silivicultural Methods on Scenic and Recreational Quality. Web. Effects of Clearcutting It affects biodiversity in terms of species composition, forest age and vertical and horizontal structure (Aber et al. 11). It also leads to regeneration of trees of the same age and expansive open areas. It is associated with forest fragmentation. This in turn has a number of effects on the forest ecosystem. Changes in public demand The 1960-70s period marked increased demands for wildlife, timber, opportunities for outdoor recreation, fish and wilderness. The public at this period also became mor e aware of the environmental system and developed interest to protect them. The increased demand coupled with public awareness led to increased pressure on national forest use and the need to conserve them. This period also saw legislation like National Forest Management Act (NFMA) and other acts that brought with them a lot of controversies in management of national forest (Sedjo 38). Recently, public involvement in the decision making process on forest management has increased considerably in America. One of the demands that the public is putting on the forest service is the need to reduce clearcutting as a forest management practice. This has been associated to a number of factors like changes in what is valued by the public. That is aesthetic, spiritual and recreational values that are preferred over economic incentives. This new environmental movement has developed the public knowledge of forest ecosystem and raised their concern for the health of this ecosystem (Clausen Rober t 1) Discussion Public Awareness Changing Forestry management In responding to the USDA Forest Service commitment to a new forestry management perspective, Brunson and Shelby, states that the new approaches must address social concerns as they attempt to fulfill the scientific ones. Social values that they put on the lead as most important for management to consider are those that they say would culminate in the public enjoyment of the national forests. These are specific to activities in outdoor recreation and scenic views (169). Brunson and Shelby findings reveal that the public prefer mature forests to younger ones for scenic purposes. For recreational quality of the stands they evaluated, their argument is that a site would be judged as proper for recreation depending on public view of its attractiveness for scenic view or its use for camps and hikes. Sites that have high scenic value do not necessarily appeal for recreation. Different stands demonstrated significant differences on their average acceptability depending on the use each was being assessed for. This study revealed that new practices in forest management that does not employ traditional methods such as clearcuts and thinning are likely to produce forest that attracts a good number of visitors for recreational purposes. Increased public participation in forestry management requires a change of approach to ensure recreational goals are realized. The new forestry approach proposed by USDA is a good alternative to crosscutting. According to Brunson and Shelby Research new management approach can produce forest stands with superior recreational and scenic quality as opposed to those that employs traditional approaches like crosscutting (171). Clearcutting Impacts on National Forest Various policy papers including NFMA have proposed a reduction to clearcutting for timber harvesting in the national forests. However, the implementations of these policies have not been very successful and these forests continue to be cleared. This in turns has threatened certain plants and animal species such as the spotted owl that requires old growth forest habitat to survive. However, clearcutting as a forest management practice cannot be easily whisked off because in some forests it is considered to be important for some species to survive. In addition some wildlife habitats are rejuvenated with clearcutting. These include grasslands that records increased growth once clearcutting has been done. On the other hand, animal species such as white-tailed deer are said to increase with clearcutting. This is because in the first year after clearcutting, their food that consists of woody plants, grasses and forbs increase to the highest abundance levels (Clemson University 2). In addition, proponents of clearcutting also site its role in regenerating certain tree species that do not withstand shades, provides habitats for wildlife in the early succession stage and reduce pests and pathogens that affe cts forest among other benefits (SAF 1). However, of great importance to recreation is the role clearcutting plays in wildlife and biodiversity in general of the national forest. Literature has indicated that clearcutting results into forest fragmentation into smaller patches. This in turn results in other changes in the forest ecosystems like composition of species, behavior of species and microclimates. The species composition change can take the form of loss of certain species as the environment becomes unfavorable. Seed dispersal may also be affected by microclimate changes in the fragmented patches as well as decomposition rates, quantity of animal and plants population and mobility of flying insects (Aber et al 7). As we have seen clearcutting can be a vital tool if selectively applied to restore early succession habitat, increase certain species food and control pests and pathogens. Its complete elimination therefore can limit management ability to achieve some of the forestr y objectives. However, if applied extensively resultant forest fragmentation can be of dire consequences. This directly impacts on recreation that is dependent on the condition of national forest. Conclusion Extensive clearcutting as an approach to national forest management threatens outdoor recreation activities such as camping, hiking, scenery viewing, fishing and hunting. However, if it is selectively applied this approach can benefit certain forest ecosystem by increasing for instance certain animals’ species population. Forest management must therefore strike a good balance between these two competing forces in order to ensure that the public continues to enjoy superior recreational quality. This can be approached by adopting an ecosystem approach in forestry management and application of new forestry management practice. Recreation in the national forest largely depends with the approach to forest management that will be adopted. Increased public participation has help ed to ensure that social values are fulfilled by forestry objectives. Works Cited Aber, John, et al. â€Å"Applying Ecological Principles to Management of the U.S. National Forests†. Journal of Ecological Society of America, No. 7, (2000): 1-20. JSTOR Pdf files. Albert, Dennis A., Barnes, Burton V. Effects of Clearcutting on the Vegetation and Soil of a Sugar Maple-Dominated Ecosystem, Western Michigan. Forest Ecology and Management Journal. 18 (1987): 283-298. JSTOR Pdf files. Brunson, Mark. â€Å"Socially acceptable forestry: What does it imply for ecosystem management?† Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 8.4 (1993): 1-4. JSTOR Pdf files. Brunson, Mark Bo, Shelby. Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Methods on Scenic and Recreational Quality. Web. Clausen, Debra L., Schroeder Robert F. Social Acceptability of Alternatives to Clearcutting: Discussion and Literature Review With Emphasis on Southeast Alaska. Journal of United States Department of Agriculture, (200 4): 1-37, JSTOR Pdf files. Clemson University. Responses of Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States. Department of Forest resources No. 19 (2000): No. Pag. Web. Gorte, Ross W.† Clearcutting in the National Forests Background and Overview.† CRS Report for Congress 6 Nov. 1998: 98-917 CRS online. Web. Ruth, Larry. â€Å"Conservation and Controversy: National Forest Management, 1960-95.† In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. California: University of California Department of Environment Science. (1996), 145-162. JSTOR Pdf files. Sedjo, Roger A. Perspectives on sustainable resources in America. Oxford. Earthscan, 2008. Print. Society of American Foresters. â€Å"Growing better all the time,† Journal of forestry. Vol. 3. Web. (2008): 1-3. JSTOR Pdf files. This research paper on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts 1959 - Jerrie Cobb selected for testing for the Mercury astronaut training program. 1962 - Though Jerrie Cobb and 12 other women (the Mercury 13) passed astronaut admission tests, NASA decides not to select any women. Congressional hearings include testimony by Cobb and others, including Senator Philip Hart, husband of one of the Mercury 13. 1962 - The Soviet Union recruited five women to become cosmonauts. 1963 - June - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut from the USSR, becomes the first woman in space. She flew Vostok 6, orbiting the earth 48 times, and was in space nearly three day. 1978 - Six women chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid.   Lucid, already a mother, is questioned about the effect of her work on her children. 1982 -  Svetlana Savitskaya,  USSR  cosmonaut, becomes the second woman in space, flying aboard the Soyuz T-7. 1983 - June - Sally Ride, American astronaut, becomes the first American woman in space, the third woman in space. She was a member of the crew on STS-7, space shuttle  Challenger. 1984 - July - Svetlana Savitskaya, USSR cosmonaut, becomes first woman to walk in space and the first woman to fly in space two times. 1984 - August - Judith Resnik becomes the first Jewish American in space. 1984 - October - Kathryn Sullivan, American astronaut, becomes first American woman to walk in space. 1984 - August - Anna Fisher becomes the first person to retrieve a malfunctioning satellite, using the orbiter remote manipulator arm. She was also the first human mother to travel in space. 1985 - October - Bonnie J. Dunbar made her first of five flights on a space shuttle. She flew again in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998. 1985 - November - Mary L. Cleave made her first flight of two into space (the other was in 1989). 1986 - January - Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe were the women among the crew of seven to die on the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded.   Christa McAuliffe, a schoolteacher, was the first non-government civilian to fly on the space shuttle. 1989: October - Ellen S. Baker flew on STS-34, her first flight. She also flew on STS-50 in 1992 and STS-71 in 1995. 1990 - January - Marsha Ivins makes her first of five space shuttle flights. 1991 - April - Linda M. Godwin makes her first of four flights on the space shuttle. 1991 - May - Helen Sharman became the first British citizen to walk in space and the second woman aboard a space station (Mir). 1991 - June - Tamara Jernigan makes her first of five flights in space.   Millie Hughes-Fulford becomes the first female payload specialist. 1992 - January - Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, flying on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-42. 1992 - May - Kathryn Thornton, the second woman to walk in space, was also the first woman to make multiple walks in space (May 1992, and twice in 1993). 1992 - June/July - Bonnie Dunbar and Ellen Baker are among the first American crew to dock with the Russian space station. 1992 - September STS-47 - Mae Jemison becomes first African American woman in space.   Jan Davis, on her first flight, with her husband, Mark Lee, become the first married couple to flly in space together. 1993 - January  - Susan J. Helms flew on the first of her five space shuttle missions. 1993 - April - Ellen Ochoa becomes first Hispanic American woman in space. She flew three more missions. 1993 - June - Janice E. Voss flew her first of five missions.   Nancy J. Currie flew her first of four missions. 1994 - July - Chiaki Mukai becomes the first Japanese woman in space, on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-65. She flew again in 1998 on STS-95. 1994 - October - Yelena Kondakova flew her first of two missions to the Mir Space Station. 1995 - February - Eileen Collins becomes the  first woman to pilot a space shuttle. She flew three more missions, in 1997, 1999 and 2005. 1995 - March - Wendy Lawrence  flew the first of four missions on the space shuttle. 1995  - July - Mary Weber flew the first of two space shuttle missions. 1995  - October - Cahterine Coleman flew her first of three missions, two on the U.S. space shuttle and, in 2010, one on Soyuz. 1996 - March - Linda M. Godwin becomes the fourth woman to walk in space, making another walk later in 2001. 1996 - August - Claudie Haignerà © Claudie Haignerà ©the first French woman in space. She flew two missions on Soyuz, the second in 2001. 1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights. 1997 - April - Susan Still Kilrain became the second female shuttle pilot.   She also flew in July 1997. 1997 - May -  Yelena Kondakova becomes  the first Russian woman to travel on the U.S. space shuttle. 1997 - November - Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian American woman in space. 1998 - April - Kathryn P. Hire flew her first of two missions. 1998 - May - Nearly 2/3 of the flight control team for STS-95 were women, including the launch commentator, Lisa Malone, the ascent commentator, Eileen Hawley, the flight directory, Linda Harm, and the communicator between crew and mission control, Susan Still. 1998 - December - Nancy Currie completes the first task in assembling the International Space Station. 1999 - May - Tamara Jernigan, on her fifth space flight, becomes the fifth woman to walk in space. 1999 - July - Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle. 2001 - March - Susan J. Helms becomes the sixth woman to walk in space. 2003 - January - Kalpana Chawla and Laurel B. Clark die among the crew in the Columbia disaster aboard STS-107.   It was Clarks first mission. 2006 - September - Anousheh Ansara, on board for a Soyuz mission, becomes the first Iranian in space and the first female space tourist. 2007 - When Tracy Caldwell Dyson flies her first US space shuttle mission in August, she becomes the first astronaut in space who was born after the Apollo 11 flight.   She flew in 2010 on the Soyuz, becoming the 11th woman to walk in space. 2008 - Yi So-yeon becomes the first Korean in space. 2012 - Chinas first female astronaut, Liu Yang, flies in space.   Wang Yaping becomes the second the following year. 2014 - Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, carried an Olympic flag in the Winter Olympics. 2014  -   Yelena Serova becomes the first woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station. Samantha Cristoforetti becomes the first Italian woman in space and the first Italian woman on the International Space Station. This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Essential Element Facts in Chemistry

Essential Element Facts in Chemistry What Is an Element? A chemical element is  the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down using any chemical means. Any substance made up of one type of atom is an example of that element. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. For example, helium is an element all helium atoms have 2 protons. Other examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, iron, and uranium. Here are some essential facts to know about elements: Essential Element Facts While every atom of an element has the same number of protons, the number of electrons and neutrons can vary. Changing the number of electrons forms ions, while changing the number of neutrons forms isotopes of an element.The same elements occur everywhere in the universe. Matter on Mars or in the Andromeda Galaxy consists of the same elements found on Earth.The elements were formed by nuclear reactions inside stars. Initially, scientists thought only 92 elements occurred in nature, but now we know many of the shorts of allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Although they all consists of carbon atoms, these allotropes have different properties from each other.Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons) on the periodic table. The periodic table arranged elements according to periodic properties or recurring trends in the characteristics of the elements. The only two liquid elements at room temperature and pressure are mercury and bromine.The periodic table lists 118 elements, but when this article was written (August 2015), the existence of only 114 of these elements had been verified. There are new elements yet to be discovered.Many elements occur naturally, but some are man-made or synthetic. The first man-made element was technetium.Over three-quarters of the known elements are metals. There are also a small number of nonmetals and elements with properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, known as metalloids or semimetals.The most common element in the universe is hydrogen. The second most abundant element is helium. Although helium is found throughout the universe, it is very rare on Earth because it does not form chemical compounds and its atoms are light enough to escape Earths gravity and bleed out into space. Your body contains more hydrogen atoms than atoms of any other element, but the most common element, by mass , is oxygen. Ancient man was exposed to several pure elements that occur in nature, including carbon, gold, and copper, but people did not recognize these substances as elements. The earliest elements were considered to be earth, air, fire, and water substances we now know consist of multiple elements.While some elements exist in pure form, most bond together with other elements to form compounds. In a chemical bond, atoms of one element share electrons with atoms of another element. If its a relatively equal sharing, the atoms have a covalent bond. If one atom basically donates electrons to an atom of another element, the atoms have an ionic bond. Organization of Elements in the Periodic Table The modern periodic table is similar to the periodic table developed by Mendeleev, but his table ordered elements by increasing atomic weight. The modern table lists the elements in order by increasing atomic number (not Mendeleevs fault, since he did not know about protons back then). Like Mendeleevs table, the modern table groups elements according to common properties. Element groups are the columns in the periodic table. They include alkali metals, alkaline earths, transition metals, basic metals, metalloids, halogens, and noble gases. The two rows of elements located below the main body of the periodic table are a special group of transition metals called the rare earth elements. The lanthanides are the elements in the top row of the rare earths. The actinides are elements in the bottom row.