Customer Service Skills and Techniques-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Plan for Training Zeller Company Employees On Customer Service Skills and Techniques. Answer: Presentation Zellers organization is a retailer store established in 1931 contribution assortment of family unit items to its clients in Canada. During the years the organization has procured and converged with different organizations to build its piece of the pie the nation over. Presently the organization is having in excess of 350 stores and in excess of 600 workers. As of late various clients visiting the stores have been baffled over various issues credited to poor client assistance. Preparing needs evaluations Through conceptualizing and study methods various client related issues was distinguished among the representatives situated in a few Zeller stores. The study over the CBC advertise demonstrated that the retailer was having the nation most noticeably awful client assistance. A portion of the negative client care exercises and practices included: chaotic stores, presumption of representatives, slow assistance, absence of information on the items, and non-accessibility among the staff to help. Zeller Company recognized the need to prepare the representatives on client support related aptitudes and capacities. The preparation needs distinguished include: specialized trainings, client assistance, item information, proficient morals, and correspondence/introduction aptitudes. The administration of the organization distinguished the preparation should be appropriate during the association ordinary activities (Huber, 2014). Preparing structure The preparation configuration depends on thinking of a structure for preparing requirements for Zeller client support preparing program. The preparation structure and advancement will include choice of preparing strategies, content, materials, testing approach and assessment metric (Fink, 2016). The initial phase in the preparation configuration will be to distinguish preparing destinations that will encourage the preparation program (Kremer, 2006). Table 1 shows the synopsis of preparing targets for Zeller worker client preparing program. Table 1 Zeller organization preparing targets Before the finish of the client care preparing the workers ought to have the option to: a. Acknowledge and utilize a few client assistance aptitudes, procedures and capacities b. Comprehend the need of knowing item information in workplace c. Speak with clients in an expert way The subsequent advance in preparing configuration is guaranteeing that workers are prepared and students are persuaded (Hurwitz, 2013).Readiness and inspiration of the representatives can be accomplished by including them in pre-arranging and disclosing to them the significance of holding the trainings and advantages that would gather from it. Likewise the preparation gathering should distinguish the standards of learning for the preparation. The Zellers client assistance preparing standards of learning distinguished and expected outcomes can be summed up in table 2. Table 2 Principles of learning Standards of learning Results Information on the outcome Students will comprehend criticism from their presentation Move of learning The students will apply what they have been prepared to work setting Conquering impedances Learners will dispense with obstructions of work execution through preparing information and aptitudes picked up Some portion of configuration preparing is sourcing the mentor. Zeller Company will source a coach remotely who will be guided on the necessities and approaches of the organization. Re-appropriating remotely of the mentor is to expand certainty and believability of the preparation procedure (Armstrong, 2010). Preparing conveyance It is the way toward picking the preparation techniques and timetables to be utilized during instructional courses (Huber, 2014). A formal off the activity preparing will be utilized this is by picking an outside preparing ground out of the representatives work condition. Explanation behind picking off employment preparing is to fend off any type of occupation interruptions and increment coaches focuses. The preparation strategy utilized will be a mixed learning conveyance technique including utilization of live homeroom guidelines bolstered with other instructing helps like manuals, e-learning materials. The techniques were picked to build mentor student communications in individual of the association level (Armstrong, 2010). Assessment preparing It includes a procedure of setting up in the case of preparing needs have been met through trainings (Cummings Worley, 2014).IT Evaluation of preparing program is an appropriate strategy to decide whether preparing exercises have met the objectives set during needs appraisals. Assessment is done dependent on four degrees of responses, learning, conduct and results. A few apparatuses and procedures are utilized to test the four levels (Kremer, 2006). The Zeller worker preparing project will be assessed utilizing Kirkpatricks four degrees of trainings in table 3. Table 3 Training assessment Level of assessment Devices/strategies utilized One-assessing responses (students sees on trainings) Studies (poll/interviews) Two-assessing learning (any improvement in aptitudes/information) Directing composed tests Three-assessing conduct (any adjustments in conduct after trainings) Gathering information from client criticisms Four-assessing results (is there progress in execution) Inputs and friends execution records References Armstrong, M. (2010). Human asset the board. London, England: Mc Graw Hill. Cummings Worley. (2014). Human asset the board and arranging strategies. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Fink, A. . (2016). The most effective method to Conduct trainings for workers: A Step-by-step Guide. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage. Huber, G. (2014). . Encouraging worker trainings and commitments to hierarchical information. . Innovativeness and Innovation Management, 10(3), 23=68. Hurwitz. (2013). Individual, Team, and Organizational Development. In Leadership is Half the Story: A Fresh Look at Followership, Leadership, and Collaboration. College of Toronto Press, 10(4), 23-78. Kremer, M. (2006). Schools, instructors and preparing results in work parts. Handbook of the financial matters of training, 2, 947-1017.

It was a story of wonderful happenings free essay sample

It was a guarantee of superb happenings. I made that guarantee with a grin without any problem. Seeing me Like this, she couldnt help however grinned at me, as well. The little breeze and the warm sun fits the stunning morning consummately. Scheduling In her wheelchair, she started to sing her main tune while I pushed her around the nursery. Since the time she had this ailment, her versatility bit by bit diminished. It was normal that she would need to depend on a wheelchair sometime in the future. Despite the fact that she couldnt walk, I respected that she could in any case sing joyfully regardless of what she was going through.My sister has Parkinson Disease, and I could in any case recall my folks articulation when they were told about it. Following two years of treatment, the specialist approached us to be set up for the most noticeably terrible. It was difficult to acknowledge it, however I did it in any case. As her more seasoned sibling, I mustnt let her concern excessively. Thus, rather than demonstrating my downturn, I generally faked a grin at whatever point Im with her. She didnt think about her present condition yet, so it was extremely agonizing to tolerate. I turned into the fraud who grinned at her sister and lied that everything Is alright.As time goes on, the grin got simpler to make, and my disrespect frequented me to such an extent that I needed to cry once in a while In my bed. At last, I committed a grave error An Impossible guaranteed was made to her. Hello, gives up to the cascade once you recover. From that point onward, we can do bunches of stuff together, I said it without the slightest hesitation. Why cascade? Its exhausting, my sister at last answered after a snapshot of murmuring her preferred tune. I chuckled a piece and stated: Huh? How might you say that? The sensation you feel when the water is pouring all over you, which is far superior to our shower.And lets not disregard the outside air. Man, this spot is stunk with smoke! In the wake of hearing this, my sister was getting amped up for setting off to the cascade, particularly the part where I said it feels superior to our shower. Lamentably for her, she created dementia during her two years of disease. Her recollections and her composing capacity was even influenced. That time, I was certain that she could have disregarded the guarantee. However, some way or another, constrained by crafted by a supernatural occurrence, my sister figured out how to recall the guarantee I needed her to overlook. Unexpectedly, she could without much of a stretch overlook she had her meal.Every night, after we had our supper, she would frequently asked: Can you discover winds in the cascade? Or on the other hand Maybe a frozen yogurt would be acceptable after the swim, correct? I responded to her rehashed questions quietly. Not just that, I had even propose about chasing wild bunnies at the timberland close by. Our discussion was brimming with giggling, and I understood my folks were having an unpleasant grin at the corner. All things considered, she didnt have long to live. The unfilled guarantee was made out of commitment to fulfill her, which caused me to feel outrageously blameworthy. On her birthday, I gave her a postcard with an image of a cascade. Who Are you? She asked the more unusual who gave her the postcard. Im your older sibling, dont you recollect? I twisted down and addressed her. She lifted the postcard In her grasp and took a gander at It; Her developments were moderate and powerless Ah, cascade She said It with a slight grin. Her time was close, however I couldnt state anything. So I bowed down and embraced her firmly, she battled a piece from the outset, however long embrace, one that was long enough to let me finish my crying. You could state that my tears are loaded up with blame and lament from my heart. I may not be qualified to embrace my own sister, however it was my solitary solace, my best way to feel excused. You will recover, I advised her delicately as my arms became more tightly around her. I lied once more, yet I could feel her grin, consoling me till the end. A shady evening in the mid of June, she was on her bed in the clinic. This time, she couldnt sing. I was close to her while my folks were away for lunch outside the medical clinic. Her eyes were clear, as though there wasnt a spirit left in them. Her look was fixed to the postcard in her correct hand, and she smiled a piece from time to time.I couldnt stand her being this way, so I quickly took out my phone and downloaded a video of individuals playing at the cascade. I indicated her the video, Hey, you like it? also, the video quickly got ere consideration, and totally disregarded the postcard in her grasp. Wa Fall, she couldnt talk appropriately any longer, so I said for her: Thats right, a cascade. .. She seemed like she concurred of what Ive stated, and muttered something. She kept on watching and entertained herself into the video joyfully. Her eyes that were dead as first mirrored the light of the screen and became alive.Seeing her like this, I let out a moan of alleviation, and watched her appreciating the video quietly. The thunder started to thunder and the sky came down intensely. I calculated that my folks would not be back for some time since it was coming down vigorously. Water All? I was amazed by her abrupt inquiry. I gestured to her and stated: Yea, its cascade all over the place. After a short delay, I included: Ah. .. Be that as it may, you cannot play right now My sister appeared to be happy with the cascade outside and chuckled similar to an honest kid. I felt a nail pricking my heart when I saw her like that. Along these lines, I thought of a thought. I arranged her wheelchair. Ham? she appeared to be fairly astonished of what Im doing. Watch out, I conveyed her and delicately put her on her wheelchair. Alongside her dribble, I pushed the wheelchair close to the window. WA.. .! Her eyes went wide and unwittingly stuck her palms onto the window. I could tell she was getting energized. While she was busy with the downpour outside, I went to get myself some water. While pouring the water, I saw an edge was obvious under her cushion. Inquisitive, I chose to go look at it. What's more, to my shocked, it was an envelope for me. I opened the envelope to peruse the letter inside. A feeling of bizarre inclination flooded through me, and it wasnt great. The letter stated: Dear Brother, Im extremely glad that you are perusing my letter. You know, its very inconvenient to compose with my present condition. Along these lines, Im just ready to loosen up as far as Possible recorded as a hard copy this letter. Anyway;ay, back to the point. I have an admission to make. To come clean, I previously got a thought of my condition. Im not beating that, am l? I quit perusing. What? Huh? My brain is loaded up with confusion.I took a gander at her who was as yet stuck to the window, and returned exactly. Mother and father was acting weird in the wake of conversing with the specialist that day. You were acting unusual, as well. So I asked the medical caretaker to let me know. She delayed from the start, and revealed to me I wasnt doing great. Im not inept, so I know my destiny as of now. Additionally, I don't have the foggiest idea what sort of franticness constrained you to make such a guarantee to me. Nitwit, why in the world did you make such a guarantee?! It would be ideal if you dont make guarantees you cannot keep, alright? I delayed for some time as my eyes turned red. Be that as it may, Im happy.This method of doing things is actually your style. Along these lines, Im not going to for me to keep living in this universe of misery and sadness.. . In one of the uncommon minutes when Im really mindful, you were crying while at the same time embracing me. I know why you were crying, so I kept quiet, however it truly harms my heart. You should be pitiful in light of the fact that it wasnt conceivable, yet dont be. On the off chance that we couldnt make it to the cascade, let our hearts be there. Hello! I dont like this sort of setting. The tears I made a decent attempt to keep down at long last got away. So please excuse yourself, since I never accused you, not in any case once.Sigh, this is actually an uncommon second. Presently that Im mindful, I wont neglect this opportunity by to keep in touch with you this letter. All things considered, I dont realize whenever will I get an opportunity like this once more. However, when you read this, I may have as of now lose myself, or rather, not here any longer Anyway;ay, sorry for disturbing you, and deal with mother and father for me. Heaps of affection, Caroline. I completed the letter, astounded. I didnt trouble to wipe my tears, so it evaporated leave two path of stain at my face. The side of the paper was at that point folded by my hold. I scoured my eyes and got up.She was at that point resting along the edge of the window. With a slight grin all over, I tapped her head tenderly, Thank you. After fourteen days, a considerable lot of my relatives and her companions went to her burial service. I was shocked she had numerous companions. There were little discussions and crying all over the place. With respect to me, all I felt was deadness. It presumably happened that path in light of the staggering feeling torment. Maybe my heart encased itself to keep the torment from harming its proprietor. Feelings, for example, despair didnt register into my cerebrum. Be that as it may, I despite everything needed to question.Pain, where have mine gone to? Was it since I became acclimated to it? Had I truly become accustomed to it? I addressed divine force of the manner in which I felt, and deadness transformed into blame. What's more, this wasnt what I need either. Yet at the same time, the idea of my sister ready to rest after a long fight, figured out how to comfort me a bit. During the internment service, various blossom petals were dispersed inside the final resting place. Indeed, even in death, she resembled a lovely lady in sleep. Her hands were collapsed flawlessly, and her lovely dark hair secured with bloom petals. The minister finished the service with a prayer.The final resting place is shut, yet there were still individuals who drop blossoms onto her casket. Laborers came and secured her grave. My mom was crying in my dads arms. It was actually a farewell. Some were crying, some were quiet, that was the means by which the group demonstrated their thankfulness for her. A raindrop fell on my correct shoulder. What came after that was only the most suitable climate for the occasion. Individuals began to dissipate on account of the substantial storm. L, in any case, was the main individual who remained before her grave. Overlooking the downpour with a severe grin, I at long last asked: Hey Do you like the cascade?

Airport Bookstores Have a Read and Return Program Critical Linking, July 22, 2019

Airport Bookstores Have a Read and Return Program Critical Linking, July 22, 2019 Critical Linking, a daily roundup of the most interesting bookish links from around the web is sponsored by Fox Chapel Publishing. The reason so many of those airport stores look the same is because they areâ€"Paradies Lagardère operates 850 stores and 170 restaurants and bars in more than 100 airports. And they’ve got a little-known program that air travelers should be taking advantage of: the Read and Return program. How it works You buy a book at the airport. You read it on the plane or in the days/weeks/months after your travel. You return it within 6 months of purchase, and you get a 50 percent refund. Putting aside that my first thought was this is how you spread the flu faster, this is definitely why the campaign the more you know was started. It’s not every day that you come across an extraordinary unknown work by one of the nation’s greatest writers. But buried in an unrelated archive I recently discovered a searing essay condemning racism in America by Langston Hughesâ€"the moving account, published in its original form here for the first time, of an escaped prisoner he met while traveling with Zora Neale Hurston. Stop everything to read a previously unpublished Langston Hughes essay. Once inside, you will be transported back in time to the streets of 1984 New York City, where you will no doubt run into spooks and spirits of all shapes and sizes, many of whom you may recognize if you watched the films, like Slimer and the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man. Some of the famous scenes you will also get to experience include the New York Public Library and the Temple of Gozer. Ghostbusters  will have a haunted house at this years Universal Orlando Horror Nights and NYPL scenes will be included, so unite all the book and ghost loving nerds for a road trip! Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

The Universe Essays - 2518 Words

The Universe Luminosity is the amount of light that is radiated from a star. White light is the composition of all colors. In elements, the energy discharge can be displayed as light. Just by looking at the colors that are discharged, one may precisely identify the element. In understanding the universe, the Doppler effect is one of the most important tools. The Doppler effect is a shift in frequency due to a moving source. Skipping a rock on water would be an example of this effect. The circles would be off center because the rock is a moving source. The wavelength is shorter when the rock is coming toward an individual. Also, the frequency will increase and the wave crests will shorten. When the source is moving away from†¦show more content†¦The neighboring raisins, closest perhaps to the one in the center, would not move as fast as ones farther away because there is more cake between it and the center raisin to expand. Therefore, all galaxies move away from each other beca use one is increasing. Fritz Zwicky mapped the sky and discovered galaxies are formed in clusters. Members of a cluster move under the influence of their own gravitational pull together. The Local Group cluster consists of thirty galaxies and it is the most prominent galaxy. Containing the Milky Way and Andromeda, this is our own cluster, which is 8.5 million light years long, holds thousands of galaxies and is very dense. They all move togethr with their mutual gravities. The Virgo cluster is 52 million light years away from the Local Group. The Local Super cluster contains 100 member cluster, including the Local Group and the Virgo cluster. It is 100 million light years across and 10 million light years thick. There are three types of evolutions of galaxies, which are spiral, irregular, and elliptical. Spiral galaxies are categorized depending on how tightly bound the arms are. Irregular shaped galaxies are thought to have occurred from galactic collision. Elliptical galaxies are circular in shape to very elongated. Nebula are composed of various kinds of gas and dust, and we can tell what they are composed of by their color. A Supernova, which is an explosion of stars, leaves Nebula. Our complex moleculesShow MoreRelatedThe And Of The Universe1782 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"In the beginning the universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.†   Ã‚  Ã‚   -Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe(1980)   Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a statement I agree with as many, many questions have arisen than cannot be answered with todays current understanding of the universe. Some of these questions include morality, the purpose of life, what is free will, what is reality, and so on. These questions have been difficult to answer withRead MoreThe Theory Of The Universe1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe universe is all the existing matter, space, and energy as a whole. Scientists believe that the universe is now around 10 billion light years in diameter. However, scientists are now arguing over how the universe began, and how the universe will end. One of the most popular, and most reasonable, theory is the Big Bang. This theory posits that the universe was in a bubble a thousand times smaller than a pinhead. Then, out of nowhere, it expanded. The Big Bang wasn’t an explosion; it was the universeRead MoreThe Origin Of The Universe1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Origin the Universe was explained over centuries by different people and in different parts of the world. The African myths of Bumba, Bishop Usher (Book of Genesis), Greek philosopher Aristotle’s explanation of eternal universe, German philosopher Immanuel Kant thesis and anti-thesis about the beginning or eternal universe all tried to explain the origins or eternal existence of Universe. Later part of 20th century many scientific theories were more convincing explanations for of the origin ofRead MoreThe Creation Of The Universe1815 Words   |  8 Pagesorder to explain the existence and mysteries of the universe and the human beings. And big history is al so an origin story, attempting to examine the history of the Universe from the Big Bang, explain the present and predict the future of the universe as well as the human beings. One of the most important theme found in the Big history is the idea of increasing complexity and the term of â€Å"Goldilocks conditions†, Christian suggests that the universe creates complexity when these conditions require aRead MoreThe Structure Of The Universe Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pages 13. Instead of ‘What’ Martinus Insisted on Question WHO IS THE UNIVERSE? †¢ The Universe is ETERNAL All ENCOMPOSING LIVING BEING – A SUM OF ALL THAT EXISTS. The Structure of The Universe is based on two main Principles: ‘TRIUNE Principle of Living Being’ ‘Life within Life’ Principle †¢ ‘LIFE WITHIN LIFE’ PRINCIPLE: A life unit is dependable on and, at the same time, indispensable for its ‘master being’ ‘the master being’ granting a living space for a myriad of dependable, but necessary life unitsRead MoreThe Studies of the Universe982 Words   |  4 PagesConsider the universe. It is never boundless, never-ending and contains everything that has ever been or ever will be. Mankind has always been interested in what lies beyond the world that we know and finding what else is out there. The universe includes everything from the largest stars to the smallest particles. Exploring the universe is more than just space travel it includes exploring the world and all it contains. It can lead to cures for new diseases, the discovery of new elements, findingRead MoreThe Myth Of The Universe1565 Words   |  7 Pagesworld began, these stories are known as creation stories or creation myths. Creation myths can give those reading them a better understanding of the values within the culture that they were created. The myth of creation explains the origin of the universe, describing how the world and its animate and inanimate entities were created (El-Asward, Garry, El-Shamy, 2005, p.24-31). A major similarity in each of the different creation stories is the idea of water as the elemental source of life. For exampleRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Universe1770 Words   |  8 PagesFor thousands and thousands of years scientists have been searching for evidence on how the universe actually began. Scientists have found that the universe is constantly expanding. However, that would mean that the universe had to begin from one distinct point, and continued expanding outwards from there. For the most part, many believed the universe began with an enormous explosion. Scientists now call it the Big Bang. Approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the Primordial Era began and it consistedRead MoreThe Universe : The Biggest And Smallest934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In the known universe, size matters† (Known Universe: The Biggest and Smallest). The National Geographic documentary Known Universe: The Biggest and Smallest explores how size shapes our universe from the largest stars to the miniscule atom. Through discussing topics such as the reclassification of Pluto, Kepler space mission, and particle colliders, the documentary helped inform and motivate me to search for up-to-date information on these topics. Alternatively, the documentary does well to visualizeRead MoreCosmology : The Origin Of The Universe900 Words   |  4 PagesCosmology is the study of the origin of the universe in the sense of how it comes into being. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth that explains how Earth in its entity came to be. These myths have an immense influence on peo ple’s framework of reference. They all come from one early source and are different only because time and local cultural circumstances have embellished or altered them. Despite being separated by numerous geographical barriers; many cultures before and

Global Overpopulation And Its Effects On The Population

Global Overpopulation Controllable Or Inevitable Global overpopulation is an extremely broad topic that represents exactly what one would think, the overpopulation of the entire globe. Though global overpopulation is broad topic, there are many key factors that aid in the increasing total population. Some factors are more effective than others, but the most altering factor is the percentage of fertility. The direct connection between reducing the population is through pregnancy rates. There are multiple ways that a women’s pregnancy rate could be significantly reduced, by the use of birth control. In the articles, â€Å"Global Overpopulaton† by Hobart Rowen and â€Å"When Birth Control Isn t for Birth Control by Karen Klein and How to Make Birth Control More Effective. by Danielle Braff, these are great examples of how utilizing birth control will aid in the control of maintaining and reducing the growing population rates. Including the possible results, if a solution is not discovered and the population numbers continue to grow. â€Å"Human nature being what it is, most people tend to focus mainly on short-term goals of enriching themselves and experiencing pleasure rather than safeguarding the environment over the long term† (Kuo). This is a very enlightening quote, it states what many believe, but not willing to speak out and support. In the article, â€Å"Global Overpopulation† includes numerous examples of rhetoric; the first rhetorical element presented is ethos, which is theShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthreats to global health in today’s world but the one that seems to be the greatest threat to the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many govern ment officials have dismissed overpopulation and call itRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population. The limited natural resources have increased challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. The current worlds population is approximately six billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. It is estimated that they will be about eight billion people byRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesconsiderably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first century the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearable. In contrast, others believe rapid growing population can cause disaster; this conceptRead MoreEssay on The Problems of Over Population885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problems of Over Population There are several problems that affect the world today: war, crime, pollution, and several others. Overpopulation is a serious dilemma that is growing every year, every minute, and every second. It is the root of most, if not all, of the world’s problems1. It is the greatest global crisis facing humanity in the twenty-first century. Overpopulation is the major global problem because of several reasons. Most of the problems we have today, such as ocean depletionRead MoreEffects of Over Population Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesof the effects of over population. Over population not only affects nature and the planet but the human way of life. Imagine a world where the water is polluted, the soil produces no crop and the air is so toxic that we can’t breathe; this is where the world is heading. Due to the fast growth of people, humanity itself faces great danger. There are solutions to over population such as Family planning and sexual education. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, â€Å"Today’s global human populationRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do not suffer consequences that current generations have place uponRead MoreContent Analysis Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagessections include world population, economy, disaster costs, global health, climate change and global warming, environmental issues, water crises, education and employment, migration, science and technology, and outlook. Each section builds from the previous section . The sections part priority into messages of the magnitude, importance and direction of natural disasters, global warming, overpopulation, and industrialization. Recurrent words are population and over population, economy, natural disasterRead MoreThe Issue of Over Population in the Earth Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesOverpopulation is a hot topic that is becoming a well-known problem that our world faces. At times you can see how our planet may not be big enough for all of us. Family vacations seem less fun due to too long lines. Traffic can seem like it’s at a stand-still in the cities and all the while we think that there are so many other problems to focus our attention on. It would be easy to focus on global warming, or we could admit to ourselves that if the world did not have so many people pollution would

Different Types of Groups Free Essays

The concept of the social group is people coming together and having a sense of identity because of a common space, action, or any other things that can bind together people. There is several identified social groups: primary groups, secondary groups, collective groups, in-groups, and out-groups. The primary group is one that shares close and lifelong personal relationships, wherein each member shares personal space and lives and has close relations and interactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Types of Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Family and close friends are examples of primary groups, as their members are binded by strong personal ties. A sports group or an academic group that is strongly linked emotionally and physically can also be considered as a primary group. The primary groups shapes and influences a person’s identity. The secondary group relationship is characterized by being formal and temporary, instead of being closely personal and lifelong. Performance of functions is what links together people in the secondary group, and the relationship is more fleeting and less personal. An example would be a temporary co-worker in the office, who one is constantly in contact with, but has no strong personal ties. A collective group on the other hand is one that is bonded together by a common goal or an interest that links its members. The collective group does similar things and its members have similar interests. For instance, a church group or an environmental group is an example of a collective group. The in-group is the group where the individual feels that he/she belongs in; it is where one has loyalty to or respect to. Members of the in-group shares a similar identity, like families or people of a certain ethnicity or race. Conversely, the out-group is the social group that a person is not inclined to relate, even disdains or is opposed to such group. For instance, a conservative man despising people from other races – the out-group. The different types of groups refer to the personal circles that an individual belongs to. These are product of his/her social environment and socialization, which then directs and determines membership to a certain group. How to cite Different Types of Groups, Papers

The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests

Abstract Clearcutting controversies have dominated forest management since 1960s and 1970s, when popular legislations were made paving way to new environmental movement. Traditionally this approach has been applied to regenerate new tree species and for commercial timber production.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the changing social values placed on forest and increased public awareness calls for rethinking of forestry management. Clearcutting has its effects on recreation and as a result has generated equal criticism from conservationists. This paper looks at existing literature on this issue and through comparative analysis it generates a discussion that helps to look at some of the implications to management. It culminates with a conclusion that selective application of clearcutting can be benef icial to recreation although management need to strike a balance between its goals and protecting the dominant species in an ecosystem. Introduction Background information Clearcutting has been used as a method of forest management by foresters for a number of reasons. First, it is a faster and affordable method in forest management. It is also approved because unlike selective cutting, it does not leave traces of poor quality trees behind. Third, it is very good for certain species of trees that regenerates well when exposed to the full moonlight as opposed to when subjected to shade. However one reason that has made it so popular is its application to increase the supply of timber for commercial purposes. Clearcutting is the process of timber harvesting and regenerating that involves cutting of all the trees in a site and then regenerating new ones that are of the same age (Gorte 99). In spite of its various advantages in forestry management, this method has received a lot of crit icism from the public since 1960s. Some of the issues that critics to this method have cited include its adverse effects like soil erosion, destroying the landscape, biodiversity loss and many others. Those in the forest management have nonetheless argued that clear cutting is a good silvicultural management method for some kind of species that cannot withstand shade. Generally, its use has reduced significantly where even some states have banned it use in private and state forest, but it is still being practiced at certain levels in national forests.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To Americans, national forest provides the best opportunity to interact with nature. Some of the things they do on these forests are to hike, camp, picnic, fish, and hunt. They can enjoy wildlife in its most serene environment and visit historical places. This paper is going to look at the impacts of clear cutting on recreation in national forest. Literature Review Increased public awareness From 1960s, policies that affect management of national forest have led to increased information about planning and management of forest to the public as well as their participation in the process (Sedjo, 34). This increased public involvement in the decision making of forest management institution has led to increased scrutiny of some of the institution plans. For instance, in Sierra Nevada, the public criticized plans to increase timber production in the national forest. The reason for this criticism was that there was a conflict in two goals that needed to be realized. These are raising the production level of timbers and wilderness preservation thus increasing opportunities for recreation (Ruth, 145). Professional in forestry management are of a different opinion. To them public criticism is based on scanty knowledge on clear-cutting effects on the environment. So when pe ople view a forest that has undergone a clear-cut they think of the incompatibility of recreation and timber management. Use of clear-cutting as a tool for vegetation management should therefore not be mistaken with general clearance of land with the intention of forest conversion to other forms of land-use like commercial purposes (SAF, 2). The perception by the public that clear-cutting affects the wildlife species is misplaced. The practice removes forest canopy allowing sunlight to penetrate to the floor of the forest and as a result make it possible for grass, shrubs and forbs to thrive. In turn, these are very important to some foraging species like deer and consequently clearcutting improves their habitat. In addition, some species of trees which cannot stand shade also thrive under these conditions (Clemson University 1). Negative Effects of Some Forest Practices The magnitude at which Biodiversity is affected by timber harvesting depends on the intensity, scale, and harvest ing method in use and also on the way each species of plant and animals reacts to this harvesting. In most cases the effect is in the form of forest age, structure and composition of species.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some practices put some species at risk while other species thrives under them (Aber et al 6). Structurally clearcutting produces even aged tree regeneration. It also results in large areas of the forest being left open. Clearcuts expose the soil to erosion and landslides that in turns destroy streams. It is also responsible for the rise in temperatures of those streams that were once under the canopy of old growth trees. This leads to death of fish thriving in such habitat. This in economic terms leads to loss of revenue that comes in form of recreation. Income that results from fishing and hunting for instance is lost. Large-scale clearcutting results in fragmentation of forested ecosystems into smaller pieces that expose forest edge to open cutover habitats. This may lead to changes in the species composition, microclimate, and in behavior of species (Aber et al. 7). Procedure and Methods Data for this research was gathered from various research papers on national forest management. In addition, forest management professionals and organization journals formed a great source of data for this research. Some internet sites also offered some insights into the topic and gave a general public understanding and involvement. Eventually, qualitative data analysis technique through comparative studies was used to make inferences from the data. Findings Public rating of forest acceptability for scenic and recreational purposes Visitors to forests for scenic, camping, or hiking purposes consider forests that have old growth stands as most acceptable (Brunson, 170). This is indicated in table (a) below, the positive rating indicates the high acceptability of a site due to management practice employed. Also, note that people prefer new methods of forest management to traditional ones like clear-cut. Table a. represents average rating for different stands qualityAdvertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scenic quality mean Hiking quality mean Camping quality mean Old growth 3.1 Old growth 3.4 Old growth 0.4 Patch cut 1.4 Patch cut 1.8 Patch cut -0.0 Two-story 0.6 Two-story 0.5 Two-story -0.7 Snag retention 0.4 Snag retention 0.1 Snag retention 1.4 Thinned -0.4 Thinned -0.1 Thinned -1.5 Clearcut -1.2 Clearcut -1.1 Clearcut -2.7 Source: Brunson, Mark Bo, Shelby. Effects of Alternative Silivicultural Methods on Scenic and Recreational Quality. Web. Effects of Clearcutting It affects biodiversity in terms of species composition, forest age and vertical and horizontal structure (Aber et al. 11). It also leads to regeneration of trees of the same age and expansive open areas. It is associated with forest fragmentation. This in turn has a number of effects on the forest ecosystem. Changes in public demand The 1960-70s period marked increased demands for wildlife, timber, opportunities for outdoor recreation, fish and wilderness. The public at this period also became mor e aware of the environmental system and developed interest to protect them. The increased demand coupled with public awareness led to increased pressure on national forest use and the need to conserve them. This period also saw legislation like National Forest Management Act (NFMA) and other acts that brought with them a lot of controversies in management of national forest (Sedjo 38). Recently, public involvement in the decision making process on forest management has increased considerably in America. One of the demands that the public is putting on the forest service is the need to reduce clearcutting as a forest management practice. This has been associated to a number of factors like changes in what is valued by the public. That is aesthetic, spiritual and recreational values that are preferred over economic incentives. This new environmental movement has developed the public knowledge of forest ecosystem and raised their concern for the health of this ecosystem (Clausen Rober t 1) Discussion Public Awareness Changing Forestry management In responding to the USDA Forest Service commitment to a new forestry management perspective, Brunson and Shelby, states that the new approaches must address social concerns as they attempt to fulfill the scientific ones. Social values that they put on the lead as most important for management to consider are those that they say would culminate in the public enjoyment of the national forests. These are specific to activities in outdoor recreation and scenic views (169). Brunson and Shelby findings reveal that the public prefer mature forests to younger ones for scenic purposes. For recreational quality of the stands they evaluated, their argument is that a site would be judged as proper for recreation depending on public view of its attractiveness for scenic view or its use for camps and hikes. Sites that have high scenic value do not necessarily appeal for recreation. Different stands demonstrated significant differences on their average acceptability depending on the use each was being assessed for. This study revealed that new practices in forest management that does not employ traditional methods such as clearcuts and thinning are likely to produce forest that attracts a good number of visitors for recreational purposes. Increased public participation in forestry management requires a change of approach to ensure recreational goals are realized. The new forestry approach proposed by USDA is a good alternative to crosscutting. According to Brunson and Shelby Research new management approach can produce forest stands with superior recreational and scenic quality as opposed to those that employs traditional approaches like crosscutting (171). Clearcutting Impacts on National Forest Various policy papers including NFMA have proposed a reduction to clearcutting for timber harvesting in the national forests. However, the implementations of these policies have not been very successful and these forests continue to be cleared. This in turns has threatened certain plants and animal species such as the spotted owl that requires old growth forest habitat to survive. However, clearcutting as a forest management practice cannot be easily whisked off because in some forests it is considered to be important for some species to survive. In addition some wildlife habitats are rejuvenated with clearcutting. These include grasslands that records increased growth once clearcutting has been done. On the other hand, animal species such as white-tailed deer are said to increase with clearcutting. This is because in the first year after clearcutting, their food that consists of woody plants, grasses and forbs increase to the highest abundance levels (Clemson University 2). In addition, proponents of clearcutting also site its role in regenerating certain tree species that do not withstand shades, provides habitats for wildlife in the early succession stage and reduce pests and pathogens that affe cts forest among other benefits (SAF 1). However, of great importance to recreation is the role clearcutting plays in wildlife and biodiversity in general of the national forest. Literature has indicated that clearcutting results into forest fragmentation into smaller patches. This in turn results in other changes in the forest ecosystems like composition of species, behavior of species and microclimates. The species composition change can take the form of loss of certain species as the environment becomes unfavorable. Seed dispersal may also be affected by microclimate changes in the fragmented patches as well as decomposition rates, quantity of animal and plants population and mobility of flying insects (Aber et al 7). As we have seen clearcutting can be a vital tool if selectively applied to restore early succession habitat, increase certain species food and control pests and pathogens. Its complete elimination therefore can limit management ability to achieve some of the forestr y objectives. However, if applied extensively resultant forest fragmentation can be of dire consequences. This directly impacts on recreation that is dependent on the condition of national forest. Conclusion Extensive clearcutting as an approach to national forest management threatens outdoor recreation activities such as camping, hiking, scenery viewing, fishing and hunting. However, if it is selectively applied this approach can benefit certain forest ecosystem by increasing for instance certain animals’ species population. Forest management must therefore strike a good balance between these two competing forces in order to ensure that the public continues to enjoy superior recreational quality. This can be approached by adopting an ecosystem approach in forestry management and application of new forestry management practice. Recreation in the national forest largely depends with the approach to forest management that will be adopted. Increased public participation has help ed to ensure that social values are fulfilled by forestry objectives. Works Cited Aber, John, et al. â€Å"Applying Ecological Principles to Management of the U.S. National Forests†. Journal of Ecological Society of America, No. 7, (2000): 1-20. JSTOR Pdf files. Albert, Dennis A., Barnes, Burton V. Effects of Clearcutting on the Vegetation and Soil of a Sugar Maple-Dominated Ecosystem, Western Michigan. Forest Ecology and Management Journal. 18 (1987): 283-298. JSTOR Pdf files. Brunson, Mark. â€Å"Socially acceptable forestry: What does it imply for ecosystem management?† Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 8.4 (1993): 1-4. JSTOR Pdf files. Brunson, Mark Bo, Shelby. Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Methods on Scenic and Recreational Quality. Web. Clausen, Debra L., Schroeder Robert F. Social Acceptability of Alternatives to Clearcutting: Discussion and Literature Review With Emphasis on Southeast Alaska. Journal of United States Department of Agriculture, (200 4): 1-37, JSTOR Pdf files. Clemson University. Responses of Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States. Department of Forest resources No. 19 (2000): No. Pag. Web. Gorte, Ross W.† Clearcutting in the National Forests Background and Overview.† CRS Report for Congress 6 Nov. 1998: 98-917 CRS online. Web. Ruth, Larry. â€Å"Conservation and Controversy: National Forest Management, 1960-95.† In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. California: University of California Department of Environment Science. (1996), 145-162. JSTOR Pdf files. Sedjo, Roger A. Perspectives on sustainable resources in America. Oxford. Earthscan, 2008. Print. Society of American Foresters. â€Å"Growing better all the time,† Journal of forestry. Vol. 3. Web. (2008): 1-3. JSTOR Pdf files. This research paper on The Impacts for Recreation when Clearcutting on National Forests was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts 1959 - Jerrie Cobb selected for testing for the Mercury astronaut training program. 1962 - Though Jerrie Cobb and 12 other women (the Mercury 13) passed astronaut admission tests, NASA decides not to select any women. Congressional hearings include testimony by Cobb and others, including Senator Philip Hart, husband of one of the Mercury 13. 1962 - The Soviet Union recruited five women to become cosmonauts. 1963 - June - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut from the USSR, becomes the first woman in space. She flew Vostok 6, orbiting the earth 48 times, and was in space nearly three day. 1978 - Six women chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid.   Lucid, already a mother, is questioned about the effect of her work on her children. 1982 -  Svetlana Savitskaya,  USSR  cosmonaut, becomes the second woman in space, flying aboard the Soyuz T-7. 1983 - June - Sally Ride, American astronaut, becomes the first American woman in space, the third woman in space. She was a member of the crew on STS-7, space shuttle  Challenger. 1984 - July - Svetlana Savitskaya, USSR cosmonaut, becomes first woman to walk in space and the first woman to fly in space two times. 1984 - August - Judith Resnik becomes the first Jewish American in space. 1984 - October - Kathryn Sullivan, American astronaut, becomes first American woman to walk in space. 1984 - August - Anna Fisher becomes the first person to retrieve a malfunctioning satellite, using the orbiter remote manipulator arm. She was also the first human mother to travel in space. 1985 - October - Bonnie J. Dunbar made her first of five flights on a space shuttle. She flew again in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998. 1985 - November - Mary L. Cleave made her first flight of two into space (the other was in 1989). 1986 - January - Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe were the women among the crew of seven to die on the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded.   Christa McAuliffe, a schoolteacher, was the first non-government civilian to fly on the space shuttle. 1989: October - Ellen S. Baker flew on STS-34, her first flight. She also flew on STS-50 in 1992 and STS-71 in 1995. 1990 - January - Marsha Ivins makes her first of five space shuttle flights. 1991 - April - Linda M. Godwin makes her first of four flights on the space shuttle. 1991 - May - Helen Sharman became the first British citizen to walk in space and the second woman aboard a space station (Mir). 1991 - June - Tamara Jernigan makes her first of five flights in space.   Millie Hughes-Fulford becomes the first female payload specialist. 1992 - January - Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, flying on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-42. 1992 - May - Kathryn Thornton, the second woman to walk in space, was also the first woman to make multiple walks in space (May 1992, and twice in 1993). 1992 - June/July - Bonnie Dunbar and Ellen Baker are among the first American crew to dock with the Russian space station. 1992 - September STS-47 - Mae Jemison becomes first African American woman in space.   Jan Davis, on her first flight, with her husband, Mark Lee, become the first married couple to flly in space together. 1993 - January  - Susan J. Helms flew on the first of her five space shuttle missions. 1993 - April - Ellen Ochoa becomes first Hispanic American woman in space. She flew three more missions. 1993 - June - Janice E. Voss flew her first of five missions.   Nancy J. Currie flew her first of four missions. 1994 - July - Chiaki Mukai becomes the first Japanese woman in space, on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-65. She flew again in 1998 on STS-95. 1994 - October - Yelena Kondakova flew her first of two missions to the Mir Space Station. 1995 - February - Eileen Collins becomes the  first woman to pilot a space shuttle. She flew three more missions, in 1997, 1999 and 2005. 1995 - March - Wendy Lawrence  flew the first of four missions on the space shuttle. 1995  - July - Mary Weber flew the first of two space shuttle missions. 1995  - October - Cahterine Coleman flew her first of three missions, two on the U.S. space shuttle and, in 2010, one on Soyuz. 1996 - March - Linda M. Godwin becomes the fourth woman to walk in space, making another walk later in 2001. 1996 - August - Claudie Haignerà © Claudie Haignerà ©the first French woman in space. She flew two missions on Soyuz, the second in 2001. 1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights. 1997 - April - Susan Still Kilrain became the second female shuttle pilot.   She also flew in July 1997. 1997 - May -  Yelena Kondakova becomes  the first Russian woman to travel on the U.S. space shuttle. 1997 - November - Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian American woman in space. 1998 - April - Kathryn P. Hire flew her first of two missions. 1998 - May - Nearly 2/3 of the flight control team for STS-95 were women, including the launch commentator, Lisa Malone, the ascent commentator, Eileen Hawley, the flight directory, Linda Harm, and the communicator between crew and mission control, Susan Still. 1998 - December - Nancy Currie completes the first task in assembling the International Space Station. 1999 - May - Tamara Jernigan, on her fifth space flight, becomes the fifth woman to walk in space. 1999 - July - Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle. 2001 - March - Susan J. Helms becomes the sixth woman to walk in space. 2003 - January - Kalpana Chawla and Laurel B. Clark die among the crew in the Columbia disaster aboard STS-107.   It was Clarks first mission. 2006 - September - Anousheh Ansara, on board for a Soyuz mission, becomes the first Iranian in space and the first female space tourist. 2007 - When Tracy Caldwell Dyson flies her first US space shuttle mission in August, she becomes the first astronaut in space who was born after the Apollo 11 flight.   She flew in 2010 on the Soyuz, becoming the 11th woman to walk in space. 2008 - Yi So-yeon becomes the first Korean in space. 2012 - Chinas first female astronaut, Liu Yang, flies in space.   Wang Yaping becomes the second the following year. 2014 - Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, carried an Olympic flag in the Winter Olympics. 2014  -   Yelena Serova becomes the first woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station. Samantha Cristoforetti becomes the first Italian woman in space and the first Italian woman on the International Space Station. This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Essential Element Facts in Chemistry

Essential Element Facts in Chemistry What Is an Element? A chemical element is  the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down using any chemical means. Any substance made up of one type of atom is an example of that element. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. For example, helium is an element all helium atoms have 2 protons. Other examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, iron, and uranium. Here are some essential facts to know about elements: Essential Element Facts While every atom of an element has the same number of protons, the number of electrons and neutrons can vary. Changing the number of electrons forms ions, while changing the number of neutrons forms isotopes of an element.The same elements occur everywhere in the universe. Matter on Mars or in the Andromeda Galaxy consists of the same elements found on Earth.The elements were formed by nuclear reactions inside stars. Initially, scientists thought only 92 elements occurred in nature, but now we know many of the shorts of allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Although they all consists of carbon atoms, these allotropes have different properties from each other.Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons) on the periodic table. The periodic table arranged elements according to periodic properties or recurring trends in the characteristics of the elements. The only two liquid elements at room temperature and pressure are mercury and bromine.The periodic table lists 118 elements, but when this article was written (August 2015), the existence of only 114 of these elements had been verified. There are new elements yet to be discovered.Many elements occur naturally, but some are man-made or synthetic. The first man-made element was technetium.Over three-quarters of the known elements are metals. There are also a small number of nonmetals and elements with properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, known as metalloids or semimetals.The most common element in the universe is hydrogen. The second most abundant element is helium. Although helium is found throughout the universe, it is very rare on Earth because it does not form chemical compounds and its atoms are light enough to escape Earths gravity and bleed out into space. Your body contains more hydrogen atoms than atoms of any other element, but the most common element, by mass , is oxygen. Ancient man was exposed to several pure elements that occur in nature, including carbon, gold, and copper, but people did not recognize these substances as elements. The earliest elements were considered to be earth, air, fire, and water substances we now know consist of multiple elements.While some elements exist in pure form, most bond together with other elements to form compounds. In a chemical bond, atoms of one element share electrons with atoms of another element. If its a relatively equal sharing, the atoms have a covalent bond. If one atom basically donates electrons to an atom of another element, the atoms have an ionic bond. Organization of Elements in the Periodic Table The modern periodic table is similar to the periodic table developed by Mendeleev, but his table ordered elements by increasing atomic weight. The modern table lists the elements in order by increasing atomic number (not Mendeleevs fault, since he did not know about protons back then). Like Mendeleevs table, the modern table groups elements according to common properties. Element groups are the columns in the periodic table. They include alkali metals, alkaline earths, transition metals, basic metals, metalloids, halogens, and noble gases. The two rows of elements located below the main body of the periodic table are a special group of transition metals called the rare earth elements. The lanthanides are the elements in the top row of the rare earths. The actinides are elements in the bottom row.

Monsanto Company by Their Patent Agent, De Penning and Depen v Case Study

Monsanto Company by Their Patent Agent, De Penning and Depen v. Coramandal Indag Products LTD - Case Study Example Monsanto filed a lawsuit in India seeking both injunctive relief and an account for the infringement of its patents. The trial court decreed and the case was subsequently dismissed by the appellate court. The appellate court, however, certified the case to the Indian Supreme Court on the basis that substantial and complex questions of law were involved. On review, the Supreme Court disagreed that the questions were substantial, but nonetheless accepted the case to identify and to clarify the real issues presented by the underlying facts. The questions presented are essentially twofold with some subsidiary issues. The first question is whether Monsanto held a patent. The Supreme Court held that there was no patent. A second issue was whether, under the Patents Act 1970, the defendant had a basis to revoke a patent. This issue was comprised of two further issues. First, under section 64(e) of the Patents Act of 1970, was this process generally known and therefore subject to revocation The Supreme Court found that this process was generally known. Second, under section 64(1)(f) of the Patents act of 1970, did Monsanto extend and improve this known process by some "inventive step" The Supreme Court found no evidence of an inventive step and held that revocation was justified in any event. Â  

Ecosystems and Trophic Levels. Tropical Rainforest Assignment

Ecosystems and Trophic Levels. Tropical Rainforest - Assignment Example There is an estimate that approximately 20 to 86 species of trees exist per acre of these forests. Trees lies in several vertical layers named as Emergent layer, Canopy layer, under story layer, shrub layer and ground layer (Davis, 2007). So scientists consider this area as species-richest biomes on this planet that is very unique due to its complex ecosystems. Food Chain: In tropical rainforest there are hundreds of interlinked food chains those when combined result in a complex and huge food web. Tropical rainforests food chain has four levels First level is dominated by plants, fruits, leaves, planktons etc Second level is made up by the herbivores (animals which eat plants) such as insects, small reptiles, nectar eating birds and some large animals such as monkeys, apes etc. Small carnivorous animals (meat eating animals) make the third level and these include rodents, and some small reptiles. Large carnivorous animals such as snakes make the fourth level. Last and fifth level is dominated by the large dangerous carnivores such as pythons, alligators tigers etc. Symbiotic Relationships and energy transfer within various levels: Life in tropical rainforest is difficult and there is a strong competition between different species. Hundreds of species have developed symbiotic relationship with other species in order to survive in such a highly competitive environment. In a symbiotic relationship both species are mutually benefited. ... Primary producers also named as autotrophs are the only living being which use the sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (Pipe, 2008). Then comes primary consumers, which consume autotrophs and utilize their energy for their living. In this way energy is transferred from one level to next level. In energy pyramid third and fourth level is occupied by secondary and tertiary consumers. Secondary consumer depends on plants as well as on primary consumers for their energy requirement whereas secondary consumers (carnivore) feed on secondary consumers (Davis, 2007). As energy is transferred from one level to another, it becomes lesser in amount as some energy is lost as heat energy. Indeed only 1.2% of energy is transmitted to the next higher level in this energy pyramid. Decomposers or detritivores form the last level of energy pyramid. Detritivore include bacteria, fungi and virus. And these are the organisms which nourish on dead plants and animals and derive energy by decomposing these dead bodies. In this way they change the complex organic substances of the dead bodies into their simpler form that is further utilized by the plants to synthesize their food. In this way decomposers serve as a link between autotrophs and consumers. Decomposers also serve to clean the environment (Pipe, 2008). Human interference: This valuable resource of earth is under threat due to human activities. Extension in human settlements, need for the more and more agricultural land, construction of roads and need of wood have resulted in quick deforestation of this tropical rainforest. As a result of this deforestation large area has lost its vegetative cover as well hundreds of thousands of other species that inhabited or

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Essay -- Essays Papers

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Introduction Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as â€Å"the clap† when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease. Encounter Sexually active men and women of all races, ages, and socioeconomic backgrounds are susceptible to the gonococcal infection. However, out of the infected population, the CDC states 80% of the females and 10% of the males are asymptomatic. After incubation of five to seven days, males tend to display symptoms of swelling in the urethra, painful and more frequent urination, and abnormal penal discharge of a thick yellow exudate (pus). Similarly, females experience chronic abdominal pain, inflammation of the cervix, painful urination, bleeding or irregular menstrual cycles, fever and increased vaginal yellow discharge. Females have a higher risk factor of 60-90% of being infected after a single sexual encounter. Both sexes experience sore throat in oral infections if they are not asymptomatic. However, this response is most commonly mistaken as a viral sore throat. Entry Neisseria gonorrhoe... ...584.doi: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.t01-1- 00215.x Park, Hae-Sun Moon, Wolfgang, Matthew, van Putten, Jos P. M., Dorward, David, Hayes, Stanley F. & Koomey, Michael. Structural alterations in a type IV pilus subunit protein result in concurrent defects in multicellular behaviour and adherence to host tissue. Molecular Microbiology 42 (2), 293-307.doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02629.x Soper, David E, Disseminated gonococcal infection. (Protocols). Contemporary OB/GYN. June 2002 v47 i6 p135(4) Bradbury, Jane. Neisseria gonorrhoeae evades host immunity by switching off T lymphocytes. The Lancet. Feb 23, 2002 v359 i9307 p681. Senior, B.W., Steward, W., Galloway, C., Kerr, M. Cleavage of the Hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, by the Type 1 IgA1 Protease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Its Implications. Journal of Infectious Diseases. Oct. 1, 2001 v184 i7 p9022.

Importance of Research Essay

In sending a letter of inquiry, there are considerations that can be established to let the grantor consider the intent for research. The letter will present the main design of the research process which will use the correct psychological metrics in assessing the different attributes of characters. Basically, the first approach is to establish the reference for the identification of counseling techniques. The research will have a conclusive parameter in which the measurements will be undertaken when the actual data collection starts. This will at least create a platform in order to correlate the results of the study and the actual accepted standards used in the counseling industry. Since the main study involves counseling, there should be a standardized basis as to how to interpret client reactions. By the time the metrics are formulated, an actual data gathering will be done using the techniques of survey modeling. A random generation of respondents can be initialized using sampling methods on statistics. Depending on the scope of the study, a particular segment of the population may be used. For example, separate studies can be done according to gender, income, medical history and age. The survey will seek the impressions of selected respondents based on how counseling can influence their decision making capability. The subject will first undergo a counseling session with a designated psycho-analyst and will then be interviewed to get info about the effects of counseling to their attitude and perception in life. In terms of ethical considerations, the real approach of counseling will be used. Since the research will be looking for generative factor effects, then a credible counselor will be hired for the project. Of course, it would be unethical to provide counseling suggestions to the respondents based only on fictional approaches. It may induce them to actually modify their opinions which may create certain dilemmas in their lives. Another ethical aspect may involve the process of disclosing the research process to the respondents. It is very possible that they will provide personal details and opinions within the counseling activities hence compromising their privacy. In order to stay away from possible legal suits, the respondents may be informed of the research. Giving them the assurance of the credibility of the counseling results and their privacy will be of utmost importance. To persuade the grantor, related studies can be presented. Of course, these documents should present the positive outcomes of previous researches which have already made its way on implementing a decision based on the research results. It would be best to inform him that research establishes the technical aspect of proving or disproving a particular â€Å"guess† about a certain interest. No mater what the outcome would be, a research study will let an initiator to improve a certain goal or to divert its intention to prevent a possible contrasting scenario. Just like in the profession of counseling, a researched standard approach for specific clients can optimize the goal of assisting them in resolving their personal concerns. Practically, a research sustains the need for a good and quality knowledge. Even large scale educational institutions agree that research studies play an important role in knowledge development (IDS, 2008). A segmented report from the involved colleges and universities may be submitted to the grantor to inform him of the basic necessity for research studies. References IDS. 2008. Big Ten universities affirm research importance. Indiana Daily Student. Retrieved January 19, 2008 from http://www. idsnews. com/news/story. aspx? id=48060&comview=1

Extraction and Characterization of Bacterial DNA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1765 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT: In this experiment, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from Micrococcus lysodeikticus, a bacteria with a high guanine and cytosine content. The standard method of chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction was used, and the DNA was solubilized in Tris buffer. The DNA was then quantified and qualified using UV spectrophotometry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Extraction and Characterization of Bacterial DNA" essay for you Create order The DNA was determined to have been extracted in relatively high amounts, but the purity was lacking, especially in regards to ribonucleic acid contamination. The hyperchromic effect was utilized to gauge the purity of the DNA. Future studies will focus on the ecologically safer and more efficient methods of DNA extraction. Key Words: Ribonuclease, RNA, DNA, DNA structure, bacteria. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material inside of a cell. The code of nucleotide base pair sequences allows for the cell to translate messages into proteins that can be used in all parts of the cell. DNA is a double helix that is composed of rungs being the base pairs that are hydrogen bonded together, and a sugar phosphate backbone that is covalently bound together1. This structure gives the DNA the strength yet flexibility it needs in order to be able to unzip so that the genetic material it holds can be accessed2. The complementarity of the DNA molecule is truly what sets the molecule apart from others. Even if the DNA is denatured and the hydrogen bonds come undone, because each base pair binds to only one specific type of other base pair, this phenomena allows the DNA to spontaneously come together again. The base pairs will line up with their respective pair due to the energetic favorability of having as many hydrogen bonds as possible2. Because of DNAs importance as a biological storage molecule, accessing the DNA trapped inside of the cells has become a main avenue of research for scientists. Depending on the organism, different solvents and methods can be used to yield the highest amounts and most pure DNA. Even within the same types of organisms, there may be different challenges that arise from a specific species. Specifically in bacteria, different strains can have higher or lower G+C content3. Because the guanine and cytosine nucleotides are bound together by three hydrogen bonds as opposed to the 2 that bind adenine and thymine together, the G+C bonds are more difficult to pull apart. This means that harsher solvents may have to be used in order to adequately extract and solubilize the DNA. When the DNA is extracted, it can be denatured as a way to assess its purity. The hyperchromic effect is a phenomena that occurs when DNA is denatured so that the two strands of the double helix come apart and assume a formation that is random and coiled4. Because there is much more surface area in the randomly coiled DNA than the uniform and compact double helix form, the DNA will absorb substantially more UV light at a wavelength of 260nm. In this experiment, the DNA of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was extracted using a chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method and was precipitated using cold ethyl alcohol. Following this partial purification of the DNA, the DNA was quantified and qualified using UV spectroscopy. The hyperchromic effect was employed to ascertain the purity of the DNA by denaturing the molecule using high tempertaures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The experiment was conducted as described by Boyer2. To begin the experiment, a set amount of freeze dried bacterial cells of the species Micrococcus lysodeikticus were massed out and suspended in a set volume of saline-EDTA in a 50mL Erlenmeyer flask. An aliquot of 10mg/mL lysozyme was added to the bacterial solution and was incubated at 37? °C for 30 minutes. After the incubation, an aliquot of 25% sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to the mixture and was heated at 60? °C for 10 minutes, after which the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was then added to a Nalgene centrifuge tube. An aliquot of 5M sodium perchlorate solution was added to the solution, followed by a generous portion of 24:1 chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. This mixture was then gently shook for 20 minutes with gloves on so that the proteins in the mixture could be separated out. The solution was then placed in a refrigerated centrifuge at 7800rpm for 5 minutes. The aqueous upper layer of the mixture was then carefully transferred into another container, where ice cold ethyl-alcohol was gently poured over it in generous amounts in order to precipitate the DNA. The nucleic acids were then spooled and transferred to a set volume of Tris buffer. Once a sufficient amount of DNA had been spooled, the aqueous DNA mixture was split into two portions. In one sample, RNAse was added and inverted to mix. Both samples were then stored in a 4? °C refrigerator for one week, and the rest of the procedure was conducted. Both the DNA with and without RNAse were used to make separate dilutions so that the Absorbance at 260nm was approximately 0.400. From both of the dilutions, 2mL aliquots were added to microcentrifuge tubes, and the two different types of DNA solutions were treated in the same fashion. One sample was kept at room temperature, one tube was denatured in boiling water for 10 minutes and then left to cool to room temperature slowly, and the other tube was denatured in boiling water for 10 minutes and then placed in an ice bath to cool to room temperature quickly. Absorbance values were gathered from the room temperature samples at 260nm and 280nm. The absorbance for the room temperature sample at 260nm was recorded again at the end of the experiment. The sample that was heated and allowed to cool slowly had the first absorbance recorded immediately after it was taken out of the boiling water. Another 260nm absorbance value was taken after the sample had cooled down to room temperature. The sample that was heated and cooled in an ice bath had its absorbance measured after it was at room temperature. To analyze the data gathered from this experiment, the following two equations were used to determine how much DNA was isolated. Equation 1. Determining the concentration of the DNA solution. Equation 2. Determining the amount of DNA isolated. As a point of comparison, the theoretical amount of DNA that could be isolated from the mass of cells used was determined using the following. Equation 3. Determining the theoretical mass of DNA. Next, the following equation was used to determine the percent of the cells weight that is composed of DNA. Equation 4. Percentage of cell weight that is DNA Then the purity of the DNA could be determined given the ratio of absorbance at 260nm to the absorbance at 280nm.This also lends insight as to what possible impurities could be in the DNA, such as protein or RNA (ribonucleic acid). The following equation demonstrates the change in the absorbance values at 260nm to reflect what occurred in terms of the hyperchromic effect. Equation 5. Percentage of change in the absorbance values. DNA mass (g) Theoretical DNA mass (g) Percent Cell Weight (%) A260/A280 Percent Change A260 for Hot RT (%) Percent Change A260 for Hot-RT RT (%) Percent Change A260 for Hot-Ice-RT RT (%) DNA 1004 1787 0.75 2.71 12.5 -4.44 6.77 DNA with RNAse 794 4.51 31.2 -6.98 25.9 Table I. Summary of results from the spectrophotometry data collected regarding the DNA and DNA with RNAse. Equations 1 through 5 were used to determine the values listed in the table below. RESULTS The results of the experiment are listed in Table I. The calculations were performed for both the DNA samples and the DNA with RNAse samples. DISCUSSION In this experiment, various quantities surrounding the DNA sample were determined so that the amount of DNA and the purity of the DNA could be assessed. This was possible due to the scientific knowledge of the structure of DNA. The theoretical and actual masses of the DNA were very close to each other, indicating that a sufficient amount of DNA was isolated and the isolation process was performed accurately. Additionally, the percent cell weight was the same as the theoretical cell weight of 0.75%. However, the ratio of A260/A280 values lend insight as to the purity of the DNA, and the ratio is much higher than the pure DNA value of 1.90. This suggests that the RNAse was ineffective at removing an adequate amount of the RNA. However, the A280 value used seems to be skewed, so that it unnecessarily inflates the ratio. Further spectrophotometry would have to be done using the same DNA in order to determine the most accurate ratio for the sample. The hyperchromic effect took hold for both the sample that was boiled and quickly cooled and the sample that was boiled and the absorbance value was immediately taken. There appeared to be a large effect from the speed cooling versus the slow cooling, which makes logical sense considering that the more time given to the DNA to arrange itself back into its complementary sequence, the more precise and accurate job that the intermolecular forces will do. However, if the DNA is cooled quickly, it does not have time to rearrange precisely. Rather, the DNA could get stuck in tangles and therefore absorb more UV light that the normal double helix. While the chloroform isoamyl procedure that was used in this experiment was effective, it is important to always strive for more efficient and/or more ecologically friendly alternatives to hazardous chemicals. In a study by Cheng and Jiang, the researchers developed a method of DNA extraction that allowed to cut the time it takes to extract DNA from microbes in more than half, and also eliminated the need for a separate cell wall lysing agent5. Another reason to be on the lookout for different procedures for DNA extraction is due to the blossoming field of microbiome research. In a study by Knudsen et al, the choice of DNA extraction methods influenced the data that was garnered about the population in the microbiome6. Therefore, microbiome researchers must be cognizant of how experiments early on in the project could affect assumptions down the line. Reasons such as these mean that science must always be advancing into newer and better techniques. REFERENCES (1) Yakovchuk, P.; Protozanova, E.; Frank-Kamenetskii, M. D. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34 (2), 564â€Å"574. (2) Boyer, R. Modern Experimental Biochemistry, 3rd ed.; Roberts, B., Lake, J., Prescott, M., Eds.; Benjamin/Cummings: San Francisco, 2000. (3) Sanders, C. A.; Yajko, D. M.; Hyun, W.; Langlois, R. G.; Nassos, P. S.; Fulwyler, M. J.; Hadley, W. K. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1990, 136 (2), 359â€Å"365. (4) Lara Castellazzi, C.; Orozco, M.; Amadei, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117, 8697â€Å"8704. (5) Cheng, H. R.; Jiang, N. Biotechnol. Lett. 2006, 28 (1), 55â€Å"59. (6) Knudsen, B. E.; Bergmark, L.; Munk, P.; Lukjancenko, O.; Prieme, A.; Aarestrup, F. M.; Pamp, S. J. bioRxiv 2016, 1 (5), 064394.